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Numéro 80 - Mai 2010

Bruxelles au sein de l’économie belge : un bilan

80La Belgique est souvent déclinée en deux voire trois chiffres : Flandres – (Bruxelles) – Wallonie et devient ainsi une réalité tridimensionnelle largement répandue par les média ou le politique. Ce numéro de Regards économiques vise à montrer que l’opposition Nord-Sud n’est pas aussi simple et immédiate : chaque région possède un territoire au sein duquel se déploient les activités qui y sont entreprises, qu’elles soient de nature sociale, économique ou culturelle. En analysant plus finement les disparités à l’intérieur de chaque territoire, on aboutit à une lecture plus subtile du territoire belge. En mobilisant différentes cartes, la première partie de cet article offre une image simple, mais suggestive, de la structure géographique de l’économie belge. La deuxième partie a pour objectif de présenter les éléments théoriques pouvant expliquer l’image qui se dégage de nos cartes. Dans la dernière partie, nous quittons le terrain purement scientifique pour proposer quelques pistes de réflexion portant sur le futur de la Belgique.

Bien que très liminaire, notre analyse suffit pour mettre en lumière quelques faits qui diffèrent sensiblement du cliché Nord/Sud auquel on nous a habitué. Dans une large mesure, l’économie belge peut être décrite comme une structure spatiale monocentrique dont Bruxelles est le centre, mais dont les arrondissements voisins sont probablement les premiers bénéficiaires. Dès lors, il ne semble pas exagérer de dire que Flandre et Wallonie retirent de nombreux avantages de l’existence de Bruxelles, et ce quelle que soit la définition spatiale que l’on donne de cette dernière. Cette simple constatation n’est pas anodine car les forces d’agglomération discutées dans la seconde section sont souvent les mêmes qui sont à la source de la croissance économique. En revanche, elle va à l’encontre d’un sentiment largement partagé des deux côtés de la frontière linguistique, qui veut que Bruxelles soit un poids pour le reste du pays. Ce sentiment surprend toujours les observateurs étrangers tant la chose leur paraît banale que Bruxelles est un atout pour le pays.

Cela dit, il devrait quand même être possible de convaincre les uns et les autres qu’une meilleure gouvernance du Grand Bruxelles va dans l’intérêt de tous. Une fragmentation politique et économique plus poussée nous ferait rentrer dans un jeu à somme négative dans lequel il n’y aurait que des perdants, quand bien même certains perdraient peut être moins que d’autres. L’enjeu est important, mais il faut reconnaître que la solution ne va pas de soi. Identifier de nouvelles formes de coopération entre entités fédérées permettant de relancer la croissance économique est indispensable pour le futur de l’économie la plus globalisée du monde qu’est la Belgique.

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