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Numéro 54 - Août 2007

Mobilité étudiante en Europe : une idée qui mérite mieux que des quotas

couve verteL'intégration européenne engendre une mobilité asymétrique des étudiants, à l’image du cas emblématique de ces nombreux étudiants français inscrits dans l’enseignement supérieur paramédical en Communauté française. Cette mobilité ébranle le modèle actuel de financement public de l’enseignement supérieur en Communauté française et ailleurs en Europe.

Si la présence de quelques étudiants en provenance de l’étranger est sans conséquences et comporte peu d’enjeux, leur afflux génère des stratégies protectionnistes, tels que des quotas. Compréhensibles du point de vue des responsables locaux, c’est-à-dire nationaux, régionaux ou communautaires, ces stratégies ne sont pas pour autant optimales. Elles peuvent conduire à une réduction de la mobilité intra-européenne et des bénéfices que l’on en attend. Ces réponses protectionnistes entravent aussi la constitution de pôles européens de l’enseignement supérieur, recrutant au-delà des frontières régionales et nationales. L'afflux d'étudiants étrangers chez nous suggère que l'ensemble Wallonie-Bruxelles dispose peut-être d’un avantage comparatif au niveau des industries de la connaissance, pouvant conduire à la création de nombreux emplois de qualité. Toute séduisante qu’elle soit, cette perspective reste totalement illusoire dans un système de quotas !

Des alternatives aux quotas, plus efficaces et plus équitables, existent cependant. Elles n’impliquent ni le recours à un financement par l’impôt européen ni à une augmentation de la contribution privée au coût des études. Plus simplement, il s’agit de réorienter les budgets publics actuellement consacrés à l’enseignement supérieur : plutôt que de financer les institutions d’enseignement supérieur situées sur leur territoire, les pouvoirs publics devraient financer les frais d’études de leurs ressortissants via des chèques-études. Ces chèques pourraient être utilisés dans toute institution d’enseignement reconnue par la Communauté française située ou non sur son territoire. En dehors de son territoire, il pourrait s’agir d’institutions reconnues par les juridictions partenaires ou bénéficiant de labels internationaux bien établis. L’apparition de droits d’inscription proportionnels au coût réel des études serait automatiquement compensée par la réception d’un chèque d’un montant équivalent, émis par les pouvoirs publics. De façon symétrique les étudiants français, grecs, luxembourgeois… viendraient se former chez nous, mais aux frais de leurs ressources. Ils paieraient un prix en lien avec le coût réel des études et bénéficieraient éventuellement d’un chèque de leur gouvernement qui, en même temps qu’il les financerait, en tout ou en partie, signalerait la qualité de ces études en Belgique francophone.

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