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Numéro 38 - Février 2006

La croissance ne fait pas le bonheur : les économistes le savent-ils ?

couve verteLe dicton populaire n’a cessé de le dire : l’argent ne fait pas le bonheur. Les enquêtes auprès de la population semblent le confirmer. Malgré une croissance économique continue, la "satisfaction de vie" moyenne des Occidentaux stagne depuis plusieurs décennies (voir les graphiques annexés). En Belgique, alors que le PIB réel par habitant a augmenté de 80 % depuis 1973, le niveau de satisfaction de vie moyen a diminué de 8,8 %. Pourquoi la croissance économique, tant recherchée, si peu remise en question, ne parvient-elle pas – ou plus – à augmenter le bien-être de l’homme ? Celui-ci n’est-il jamais satisfait de ce qu’il possède ? Lui en faut-il toujours plus ? Ou est-ce la croissance elle-même qui com­porte trop d’effets secondaires négatifs ? Qu’en disent les économistes ?

Une large partie de la littérature économique laisse entendre que la satisfaction de la population croît avec le revenu réel. Dès lors les gouvernements et les grandes institutions peuvent inlassablement pro­clamer, au nom des peuples et de leur bien-être, que la croissance économique est un objectif prioritaire. Toutefois le développement d’un nouveau courant de recherches vient secouer les convictions traditionnelles. Ciblées sur l’explication de la satisfaction de vie, ces études apportent un fondement scientifique à deux constats de bons sens : toute richesse est relative, et la richesse n’est pas tout.

Premièrement, la richesse a toujours une valeur relative. Relative par rapport au passé : chaque per­sonne s’habitue à ce qu’elle possède; elle revoit continuellement ses normes matérielles à la hausse et comble ainsi difficilement ses aspirations. Relative aussi par rapport à la richesse des autres : le bien-être que l’individu retire de son propre revenu dépend bien souvent du revenu du voisin; pour que le bien-être s’accroisse, il ne suffirait pas "d’avoir plus", encore faudrait-il "avoir plus que les autres". Ainsi l’ensemble de la population se laisse entraîner dans une course sans fin dont le but est fuyant.

Deuxièmement, la richesse n’est pas tout. La stagnation de la satisfaction de vie, malgré la hausse des revenus, peut provenir de nombreux facteurs non-pécuniaires : la montée des inégalités; le chômage; la dégradation des conditions de travail (cadences, précarité); l’augmentation du stress, de l’anxiété et des cas de dépression; l’affaiblissement des liens familiaux et sociaux et du lien entre les citoyens et les institutions ou les mandataires politiques; la dégradation de l’environnement. Certains de ces facteurs sont étrangers à la croissance économique, d’autres au contraire sont générés par le type de croissance que nous avons connu.

Les résultats qui ressortent de l’ensemble de ces études comportent deux implications fortes, qui vont de pair. D’une part, ils appellent le développement, au delà des enquêtes, d’indicateurs de bien-être, solides et fiables, susceptibles de compléter ou de corriger la traditionnelle comptabilité nationale, et de casser l’amalgame trop fréquent entre PIB et bien-être. D’autre part, ils révèlent l’urgence d’une réflexion sur la finalité de la croissance et sur son contenu : pourquoi et pour qui voulons nous plus de croissance ? Existe-t-il un consensus sur les objectifs poursuivis et est-on bien sûr que notre type de croissance les serve ? Tenter de répondre démocratiquement à ces questions pourrait être un premier pas vers une satisfaction de vie accrue.

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