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Numéro 27 - Décembre 2004

Le Mécanisme pour un Développement Propre,
ou comment faire d’une pierre deux coups

couve verteLe Mécanisme pour un Développement Propre (MPD) autorise les pays industrialisés à remplir, du moins partiellement, les obligations contractées dans le Protocole de Kyoto en réduisant les émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) dans des pays en développement via des projets d’investissement. Cet instrument vise un double objectif : contribuer au développement durable des pays du Sud (en favorisant les transferts de technologies) et réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre au niveau global à un coût économique minimal. L’objet de cet article est de mettre en perspective ces deux contributions et de soulever les difficultés inhérentes à la conjugaison de ce double objectif.

La contribution de cet instrument aux politiques climatiques des pays industrialisés est analysée à travers l’exemple de la Belgique. Il est montré que le recours à cet instrument permettrait de diminuer le coût de respect des obligations de réduction d’émissions de gaz à effet de serre tout en diminuant notre dépendance-carbone, c’est-à-dire notre vulnérabilité face aux évolutions futures du marché mondial du carbone. Le recours à des projets MDP permettrait de satisfaire 14 % de l’objectif de réduction assigné par le Protocole de Kyoto aux pays industrialisés en 2010. En Belgique, le MDP contribuerait pour 12 % à l’effort national. En exploitant tous les mécanismes de flexibilité, le coût macroéconomique de respect du Protocole de Kyoto s’élèverait à 131 M€1995 par an en Belgique, soit environ 0,06 % du Produit Intérieur Brut. Si aucun des ces mécanismes n’était employé, c’est-à-dire si toute la réduction d’émissions était effectuée par des mesures domestiques, ce coût s’élèverait à 850 M€1995 par an, soit 0,3 % du PIB. La contribution du MDP à la politique climatique belge est donc potentiellement importante.

Pour que le MDP fasse effectivement d’une pierre deux coups, il faudra s’assurer qu’il contribue durablement au développement des pays du Sud, et pas seulement de ceux qui apparaissent déjà aujourd’hui comme les principaux bénéficiaires potentiels du mécanisme comme la Chine, l’Inde ou le Brésil. Il conviendra d’être également vigilant pour éviter que le MDP n’ouvre la voie à une résurrection des fameux "éléphants blancs" qui ont caractérisé un moment une certaine vision de la coopération au développement. Les projets MDP devront faire la preuve qu’ils contribuent non seulement à éviter des émissions de GES qui se seraient produites en leur absence, mais également qu’ils répondent aux besoins et aspirations prioritaires des populations, tout en préservant le capital social, humain et environnemental sur lequel les générations futures devront bâtir leur propre existence. C’est pourquoi il serait judicieux d’exiger des projets soumis à l’autorité nationale belge qu’ils fassent également l’objet d’une évaluation d’impacts en terme de développement durable.

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