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Numéro 186 - Septembre 2024

Sommes-nous au plein emploi en Belgique ?

RE186Aujourd’hui en Belgique, certains recruteurs peinent à trouver de la main d’œuvre pour remplir leurs postes de travail vacants. Dans le même temps, on compte encore des centaines de milliers de chômeurs. Mais alors : y-a-t-il trop de chômeurs par rapport au nombre de postes à pourvoir ? Ou bien sommes-nous vraiment arrivés à une situation de plein emploi en Belgique ?

D’abord, le plein emploi ne veut pas dire l’absence de chômeurs. En effet, même les régions aux économies les plus dynamiques du monde ont un taux de chômage strictement positif. Comment peut-on expliquer cela ?

En fait, si le taux de chômage était à 0 en permanence, l’économie devrait consacrer d’énormes ressources dans le processus de recrutement. Il faudrait une armée de recruteurs dans chaque entreprise pour détecter la moindre nouvelle personne disponible à travailler et l’engager plus rapidement que ses concurrents. Lorsque cette personne sera engagée par un employeur, l’ensemble des efforts de recrutement des autres employeurs auront été vains - ce qui constitue un gaspillage considérable des ressources du marché du travail. En effet, la force de travail de ces armées de recruteurs n’est pas utilisée dans la production économique lorsqu’elles se livrent de telles batailles pour dénicher le moindre chômeur. Dès lors, mêmes dans les régions les plus dynamiques du monde, les entreprises engagent moins de recruteurs que ce qui serait nécessaire pour atteindre un taux chômage de 0%.

A contrario, nous sommes habitués en Belgique et en Europe au gaspillage de ressources engendré par le chômage de masse, c’est-à-dire la situation dans laquelle il y a beaucoup de demandeurs d’emploi pour peu de postes vacants. Les chômeurs passent alors de longues périodes à vainement chercher un emploi et leur force de travail est ainsi gaspillée.

Dans cet article, on entendra le plein emploi comme l’adéquation entre ces deux phénomènes : il ne faut ni trop peu de chômeurs, auquel cas les recruteurs sont trop nombreux, ni trop de chômeurs. Nous quantifions ceci en adaptant la théorie du plein emploi de Michaillat et Saez (2021) au cas belge et à ses régions.

Mais qu’elle est donc cette théorie ? Cette mesure s’intéresse à une sorte de ratio entre deux variables : le nombre d’offres d’emploi vacant et le nombre de demandeurs d’emploi. Ceci a plusieurs conséquences importantes.

D’abord, cette théorie du plein emploi s’intéressera au nombre de chômeurs non pas en termes absolus mais bien en termes relatifs par rapport au nombre d’emplois vacants. En conséquence, il est tout à fait possible qu’une région ait un faible taux de chômage mais soit loin du plein emploi. Ceci arriverait lorsqu’elle connaitrait trop d’emplois vacants.

Ensuite, il est tout à fait possible que deux économies aient le même ratio, même si la première a beaucoup plus de chômeurs et d’emplois vacants que la seconde. Dans ce cas, la seconde connait un marché du travail qui est structurellement plus efficace que la première, mais notre indicateur sera silencieux sur ce point. La mesure du plein emploi dans cet article est donc un indicateur conjoncturel et pas structurel : nous analyserons la tension sur le marché du travail au cours du cycle économique, et non pas la capacité des politiques publiques sur le marché du travail à appareiller les offres d’emploi avec les demandeurs d’emploi.

Nos résultats suggèrent que, au niveau national, la Belgique connait actuellement une période de plein emploi. Toutefois, ceci masque une hétérogénéité régionale importante. La région bruxelloise est caractérisée par un taux de chômage trop important, alors que la Flandre connaît une pénurie de chômeurs. La Wallonie, elle, est proche de son plein emploi conjoncturel : il y a un nombre idéal de demandeurs d’emploi par rapport aux offres d’emploi disponibles en Wallonie.

Doit-on s’en réjouir ? L’article est silencieux à ce sujet. Il permet simplement d’objectiver l’état de la tension sur le marché du travail au niveau macroéconomique, en gardant fixées les structures du marché du travail. Enfin, il souligne la pertinence de mettre en perspective les chiffres du chômage avec ceux des emplois vacants pour informer le débat.

 

Annexes

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On en parle dans la presse...

  • Le Soir, 12.09.2024 : "Economie - La Belgique est proche du plein-emploi", article print - part 1
  • Le Soir, 12.09.2024 : "Plein emploi : une définition n’est pas l’autre", article print  - part 2
  • La Libre, 12.09.2024 : "La Wallonie est proche du plein-emploi mais ce n’est pas une bonne nouvelle en soi", article print
  • L'Echo, 12.09.2024 : "La Wallonie est quasi au plein emploi, mais ce n’est pas forcément une bonne nouvelle", article print
  • L'Echo, 12.09.2024 : "Entreprises en croissance cherchent talents d’urgence", article print
  • Trends/Tendance, 13.09.2024 : "La Wallonie quasi au plein emploi…réellement?"
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