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Numéro 170 - Avril 2022

Réfugiés ukrainiens : un besoin de coordination renforcé

RE170L’afflux de réfugiés ukrainiens est inédit dans l’histoire de l’Europe depuis la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Fin mars 2022, le Haut-Commissariat aux Réfugiés enregistre plus de 4 millions de réfugiés en provenance d’Ukraine. D’autres sources prédisent un total proche de 10 millions si la guerre perdure. Dans ce numéro de Regards économiques, nous discutons d’abord des potentielles conséquences économiques associées, avant de souligner l’importance d’une coordination renforcée entre pays de l’Union européenne.

Le caractère historique de cet afflux de réfugiés ne doit pas faire oublier que la grande majorité des réfugiés continuera à résider dans des pays à faible ou moyen revenu, hors Union européenne. Une mise en perspective s’impose également quant à la capacité d’absorption des pays européens. Sans même évoquer les différences de richesse, le nombre de réfugiés ukrainiens représenterait à peine plus d’1% de la population européenne. Sans pour autant sous-estimer les défis liés à l’accueil des individus originaires d’Ukraine, la distribution des réfugiés au sein de l’Union européenne aura sans doute une incidence considérable sur les conséquences de cet épisode migratoire.

La littérature économique nous montre qu’à terme la migration n’a pas d’effets néfastes sur les finances publiques ou sur le marché du travail. Au contraire, les réfugiés peuvent contribuer de manière positive à leur économie d’accueil en occupant, par exemple, des emplois en manque de main d’oeuvre, en créant eux-mêmes du travail pour la population du pays d’accueil, ou simplement en consommant ou en investissant dans le pays de destination. Toutefois, il faudra du temps pour voir se matérialiser de tels effets économiques et ceux-ci sont sans doute conditionnés à une réception et une intégration réussies des réfugiés ukrainiens à court terme. À cet égard, nous soutenons qu’une plus grande coordination entre pays de l’Union européenne est nécessaire.

À l’aide de différentes clés de répartition, nous proposons certaines pistes pour déterminer une répartition plus équilibrée des réfugiés en fonction des capacités d’absorption de chaque pays. Un manque de coordination aboutirait certainement à une situation asymétrique où des pays comme l’Allemagne, la Pologne, la Tchéquie, la Hongrie et la Roumanie, caractérisés par une forte diaspora ukrainienne et proche géographiquement de l’Ukraine, accueilleraient la majorité des réfugiés. En supposant un rôle de soutien identique des réseaux ukrainiens entre les destinations, la Belgique en accueillerait moins de 40.000. Une entente sur la distribution des réfugiés ukrainiens à moyen terme, en fonction de critères comme la population, le PIB ou une combinaison des deux favoriserait une responsabilité partagée entre pays européens en fonction de leurs capacités d’absorption. Selon un scénario pessimiste de 10 millions de réfugiés ukrainiens, la Belgique devrait accueillir entre 259.000 et 305.000 individus.

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