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Numéro 169 - Janvier 2022

Inégalités d’inflation, prix de l’énergie et crise sanitaire : Un cliquet inversé ou une TVA sociale pour le gaz et l’électricité ?

RE169L’inflation est de retour et avec elle la flambée des prix de l’énergie. Dans ce numéro 169 de Regards économiques, nous mesurons l’impact de la crise sanitaire et du prix de l’énergie sur l’inflation mais aussi et surtout sur les inégalités qu’elle engendre. En effet, les prix n’évoluent pas tous dans la même mesure et les ménages ont des structures de consommation très différentes. En outre la transition énergétique s’accompagne d’une hausse du prix de l’énergie face à laquelle les ménages ne sont pas tous égaux. C’est assez simple à comprendre. D’abord, la consommation d’énergie est fonction de la taille des ménages et les ménages pauvres sont souvent plus nombreux à loger dans une même habitation. Ensuite, les ménages pauvres n’ont ni panneaux photovoltaïques, ni chauffe-eau solaire, ni chaudière à condensation, ni pompe à chaleur, ni maison passive, ni électroménager classe A++ ou lampes à basse consommation. Enfin, les ménages pauvres sont souvent des locataires qui n’ont pas le pouvoir de décision en matière de rénovation et d’isolation. Au final, la part des dépenses énergétiques est 6 fois plus élevée pour le décile le plus pauvre par rapport au décile le plus riche.

Dans ce rapport nous calculons le niveau d’inflation spécifique à chaque groupe de revenus compte tenu de leurs structures de consommation différentes. Cette question est centrale compte tenu de notre mécanisme d’indexation uniforme des salaires et prestations sociales qui est basé sur l’indice santé, lui-même construit sur base d’un profil de consommation moyen. Or, ce panier du belge moyen n’existe pas en réalité. Dans le numéro 102 de Regards économiques, il avait déjà été montré que pour la période 2001-2011 l’indice santé sous-estimait de 9 points de pourcent l’inflation réelle des bas revenus et que cette sous-estimation était tirée principalement par les prix de l’énergie. Nous confirmons à nouveau cette tendance pour la période 2011-2021 avec une inflation réelle pour les bas revenus de 5.5 points de pourcent supérieure à l’indice santé lissé (qui tient compte du saut d’index du gouvernement Michel 1er).

Nous montrons que les prix de l’énergie jouent un rôle central dans les inégalités d’inflation. Depuis le début du siècle en Belgique, toutes les années marquées par des hausses des prix de l’énergie sont synonymes d’un creusement des inégalités d’inflation en défaveur des ménages les plus pauvres. A contrario, lorsque les prix de l’énergie diminuent, ces inégalités d’inflation s’inversent. Ce fut le cas en 2014-2015 avec la baisse de la TVA sur l’électricité à 6% puis en 2019-2020 avec le confinement et la mise en arrêt de l’activité économique au niveau mondial qui ont fait baisser les prix de l’énergie.

Ceci est d’autant plus pertinent vu la situation actuelle. La flambée récente des prix de l’énergie à des niveaux inédits se fait progressivement ressentir dans la facture des ménages et l’inflation s’accélère fortement, surtout pour les ménages pauvres. Ceci est interpellant car les hausses enregistrées des prix de l’énergie sur les marchés internationaux (le prix du gaz a quadruplé en Europe en 2021) ne sont encore que partiellement répercutées dans la facture des ménages. Beaucoup de ménages sont temporairement protégés par des contrats à prix fixe qui arriveront à échéance en 2022 et dont la facture sera inévitablement revue à la hausse. Nous discutons dans ce rapport de plusieurs pistes pour mieux protéger les bas revenus contre cette poussée inflationniste avec une attention particulière pour une TVA sociale et un cliquet inversé sur l’énergie. La TVA sociale aurait l’avantage de rendre l’énergie domestique durablement moins cher pour les ménages en situation de précarité énergétique, alors que le cliquet inversé permettrait de lisser les factures des ménages et les recettes de l’Etat dans un environnement international incertain. Baisser la TVA ou baisser le thermostat résume assez bien le dilemme écologique auquel nous sommes confrontés cet hiver. Et la crise des gilets jaunes en France nous a rappelé combien il est dangereux d’imposer une fiscalité uniforme sur des biens essentiels sans moduler l’intervention ou l’accompagner de compensations qui tiennent compte de la diversité des situations sociales.

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