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Numéro 157 - Octobre 2020

Le dollar peut-il être détrôné ?

RE157Une monnaie internationale est une unité monétaire utilisée en dehors de son pays d’origine. Comme une devise nationale, elle remplit trois fonctions : moyen de paiement, unité de compte et réserve de valeur. De ce point de vue, le dollar américain est depuis plusieurs décennies la principale monnaie internationale. Le dollar est notamment la principale monnaie de réserve pour la plupart des banques centrales dans le monde : ainsi, en 2018, selon les données du FMI, environ 62% des réserves de change des banques centrales étaient détenues en dollar américain.

Alors qu’il apparaît de manière indéniable que le dollar est, de loin, la monnaie de réserve internationale dominante, la question à laquelle s’intéresse ce numéro de Regards économiques est celle de savoir si, à l’avenir, le dollar pourrait perdre sa suprématie au profit d’autres monnaies comme par exemple l’euro ou le yuan chinois.

La question de la domination du dollar au niveau international revient périodiquement au- devant de l’actualité monétaire et financière. Ce fut ainsi le cas lors de la création de la monnaie unique européenne en 1999, ainsi qu’à la suite de la crise économique et financière de 2009. Elle a resurgit récemment, en raison notamment de la dépréciation importante subie par le dollar américain en milieu d’année.

Concernant la fin de la suprématie du dollar, certains observateurs répondent que cela pourrait être le cas, l’argument le plus souvent évoqué étant la diminution de l’importance économique et financière des États-Unis, en raison notamment du poids croissant de la zone euro et, surtout, de la Chine au niveau mondial. D’autres économistes estiment en revanche qu’une telle évolution est peu probable à brève échéance, en soulignant notamment qu’un changement rapide de statut du dollar au niveau international supposerait un changement radical et rapide des éléments (dont par exemple le poids économique des États-Unis au niveau mondial ou la stabilité monétaire et financière des États-Unis) qui ont contribué à assurer la suprématie du dollar comme monnaie de réserve internationale depuis près de 100 ans. L’analyse présentée dans ce numéro de Regards économiques aboutit au même constat.

L’analyse est menée à partir d’un modèle de détermination de la composition des réserves de change des banques centrales. A l’instar d’autres études, notre modèle révèle que la taille économique du pays émetteur d’une monnaie est un déterminant important du poids de cette monnaie dans les réserves de change. Partant de ce résultat, l’exercice réalisé consiste à projeter ce qu’adviendrait la part du dollar dans les réserves internationales des banques centrales. Et cela, en posant différents scénarios d’évolution de la part respective du PIB des États-Unis, de la zone euro et de la Chine dans le PIB mondial.

Les scénarios considérés pour le futur envisagent ainsi une augmentation du poids économique relatif de la zone euro ou de celui de la Chine, alors que le poids de l’économie américaine dans l’économie mondiale resterait inchangé ou diminuerait.

De manière délibérée, les scénario retenus sont donc défavorables au dollar. Malgré cela, selon les résultats obtenus, il apparaît que le dollar reste la principale monnaie de réserve internationale. Son importance pourrait cependant diminuer à l’avenir au profit de la monnaie chinoise, pour autant que la croissance économique de la Chine demeure significativement supérieure à celle des États-Unis et de la zone euro.

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