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Numéro 148 - Juin 2019

Fiscalité et commerce international : quels enjeux pour l’immigration clandestine ?

Fabio Mariani, Luca Pensieroso

re148Le contrôle de l'immigration clandestine est un sujet très controversé qui anime le débat public, en Belgique comme dans d’autres pays occidentaux. L’immigration clandestine vers les pays européens est un phénomène important, mais qui reste par sa nature difficile à mesurer. Selon les estimations de l’Union Européenne (Clandestino, 2009), en 2008, il y avait en Belgique 1,1 immigrés irréguliers pour 10 migrants réguliers, une situation comparable aux Pays-Bas (1,4 immigrés irréguliers pour 10 réguliers), à la France (0,8 immigrés irréguliers pour 10 réguliers), et à l’Italie (1 immigré irrégulier pour 10 réguliers).

Dans ce numéro de Regards économiques, nous nous proposons de clarifier les termes du débat et d’en discuter les implications de politique économique. Nous montrons que la réduction de la pression fiscale et la lutte contre la fraude fiscale peuvent contribuer à contenir l’immigration clandestine, et sont donc une alternative possible aux politiques coercitives basées sur le contrôle des frontières et les rapatriements. Au contraire, la mise en œuvre de politiques commerciale protectionnistes (de nouveau à la mode ces derniers temps) pourrait conduire à une augmentation du nombre d'immigrants clandestins.

Une partie de l’opinion publique semble aujourd'hui poursuivre des chimères dangereuses, et se réfugie dans l'espoir illusoire qu’un contrôle plus strict des frontières puisse résoudre tous les problèmes. Notre contribution est une mise en garde partielle contre cette illusion, et propose des solutions alternatives. Selon notre analyse, un gouvernement qui s'engage sérieusement dans la lutte contre l’économie souterraine et qui ne cède pas aux tentations protectionnistes, serait mieux placé pour relever les défis de l'immigration illégale.

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