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Numéro 145 - Mars 2019

Une nouvelle tarification des réseaux pour favoriser la transition énergétique

RE145Tarif prosumer : ces deux mots ont fait couler beaucoup d’encre dernièrement. Alors qu’ils utilisent le réseau de distribution d’électricité pour injecter et pour prélever de l’électricité, les prosumers, principalement des particuliers ayant installés des panneaux photovoltaïques sur leur toit, ne contribuent presque pas à son financement. Cela s’explique par le fait que la facture est basée sur la consommation nette, c’est à dire le solde entre les prélèvements et les injections d’électricité sur le réseau. Pour une installation photovoltaïque dont la production est supérieure ou égale à la consommation, les deux flux se compensent et la facture est quasi nulle. Acté depuis 2 ans, le tarif prosumer proposé par la CWaPE, le régulateur de l’énergie en Wallonie, a pour objectif de faire contribuer plus équitablement les prosumers au financement du réseau électrique à partir de janvier 2020. Cependant en janvier 2019, le Ministre de l’Energie a souhaité limiter l’application de ce tarif prosumer aux installations postérieures à juin 2019, exonérant ainsi les plus de 150 000 ménages disposant actuellement d’une unité de production décentralisée chez eux.

Au-delà de cette controverse, l’objectif de ce numéro de Regards économiques est d’expliquer pourquoi la tarification actuelle est inadaptée à l’émergence de ces ménages qui sont à la fois producteurs et consommateurs d’électricité. Cet article se base sur les résultats de nos travaux scientifiques appliqués à la situation wallonne. Nous y montrons qu’un tarif calculé sur base volumétrique via un compteur ne permettant pas de mesurer séparément le prélèvement et l’injection d’électricité ne crée pas des incitations correctes pour les prosumers. Entre autres, nous observons que ce système n’encourage pas de la meilleure manière possible l’autoconsommation, c’est-à-dire la consommation de l’électricité sur son lieu de production, et qu’il mène dans certains cas à une augmentation de la consommation d’électricité des prosumers.

Sur base de ces constats, nous proposons de faire évoluer la tarification actuelle afin d’éviter ces lacunes et de mieux refléter les différents services rendus à l’ensemble des utilisateurs du réseau. Tout d’abord, la structure tarifaire doit évoluer et la facture doit moins dépendre du volume d’électricité consommé. Pour maintenir les revenus du réseau, une redevance réseau fixe plus importante doit être mise en place. Celle-ci devrait être capacitaire et calculée sur base de la consommation de pointe. Enfin, il nous semble indispensable de différencier le tarif lié au prélèvement et à l’injection d’électricité via un basculement généralisé vers des compteurs double flux.

Les nouvelles technologies chamboulent les interactions entre les différents consommateurs et le réseau d’électricité. Aujourd’hui, ce sont les technologies de production décentralisée et demain ce sera au tour des batteries ou de l’autoconsommation collective. Rien n’est immuable et la tarification se doit d’évoluer face aux changements observés.

Les travaux de recherche discutés dans ce numéro de Regards économiques sont réalisés dans le cadre du projet de recherche Transition énergétique, consommateurs et réseaux – TECR qui est financé par la Région Wallonne et dont la conférence de clôture aura lieu le 21 mars à Liège.

Renseignements et inscriptions : https://hec-liege.events.idloom.com/transition-energetique-PM

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