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Numéro 142 - Novembre 2018

Bannissement des produits dérivés : la bonne affaire ?

RE142Les produits dérivés ont mauvaise réputation auprès du grand public. Avec les manquements des agences de notation, ils sont en effet souvent pointés du doigt comme faisant partie des principales causes ayant entrainé la crise financière de 2008 dont nous continuons, aujourd’hui encore, à subir les conséquences. Leur nature «spéculative» ainsi que leur caractère parfois obscur en font en effet des cibles privilégiées. Une partie de ce marché s’est écroulé. Cependant, l’activité financière associée reste gigantesque. On estime aujourd’hui la taille de ce marché à environ 7 fois la richesse produite à l’échelle planétaire en une année. Chaque jour, des transactions sont effectuées pour un montant avoisinant les 800 milliards de dollars. Ces chiffres semblent confirmer l’idée selon laquelle ce marché est complètement déconnecté d’une quelconque réalité économique.

On associe souvent le terme «produit dérivé» à un pari sur l’évolution des cours. Ce qui suscite inévitablement de grands débats lorsque ceux-ci concernent un domaine aussi sensible que l’alimentation de base. Cependant, une analyse de l’importance relative des différentes classes d’actifs sur ce marché révèle qu’environ 90% des contrats portent exclusivement sur l’évolution des taux d’intérêt et des taux de change. Or, ces deux facteurs sont précisément fortement liés à l’économie réelle. Et ce n’est pas un hasard.

Ce numéro de Regards économiques se veut essentiellement pédagogique. Il s’adresse aux lecteurs qui seraient peu familiers avec les produits dérivés et leurs applications. L’auteur propose un point de vue à contre-courant du discours généraliste qui plaide généralement pour un bannissement de ces produits. Sur base d’exemples simples, Frédéric Vrins nous explique que les produits dominants sur ce marché jouent un rôle de lubrifiant dans l’économie réelle. A la manière des contrats d’assurance, ils permettent de transférer des risques courus par des agents peu amènes à les gérer, vers des institutions spécialisées. La position des banques sur ces produits, souvent présentée comme spéculative, résulte en réalité de la nature fondamentale -voire de la raison d’être- d’une institution bancaire : un organisme offrant des services de protection financière.

L’auteur attire enfin notre attention sur les dangers d’une régulation qui pénaliserait excessivement ce secteur. Ainsi par exemple, la titrisation est une technique d’ingénierie financière permettant de transformer une série de contrats individuels (souvent privés, comme des créances) en produits financiers que l’on peut donc qualifier de «dérivés». Ils sont souvent encore plus décriés que les produits «standards» évoqués plus haut dans la mesure où leur construction est nettement plus opaque. Si une titrisation excessive peut être pointée comme une des origines de la crise financière (via les subprimes), elle s’avère paradoxalement être aujourd’hui un outil fondamental dans sa résolution. Ainsi par exemple, le «rehaussement de crédit» est une technique intensément exploitée par le Fonds Européen d’Investissement destinée à diminuer le coût de financement des petites et moyennes entreprises. A l’heure de finaliser cet article, cette technique est également privilégiée pour solutionner la bulle des certificats verts.

Malgré sa technicité, la régulation des produits dérivés est une problématique susceptible de nous impacter tous, quel que soit notre intérêt pour la finance. Ainsi, la fin des crédits hypothécaires à taux fixe (récemment évoquée en Belgique) peut être perçue comme une conséquence de la volonté de limiter le recours à ce type de produits.

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