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Numéro 137 - Mars 2018

La question du pluralisme en économie. Une mise en perspective

RE137

 

Depuis quelques années, un vent de contestation souffle dans les facultés d’économie de nombreuses universités européennes. On y voit des étudiants et des étudiantes se plaindre de ce qu’ils considèrent être une absence de pluralisme dans la discipline économique. La plainte peut se résumer en deux propositions.

  • La production théorique à l’intérieur de la discipline manque de pluralisme car elle est dominée par ce qu’on appelle un "mainstream" identifié à l’approche néoclassique. Cette critique porte sur un manque de pluralisme méthodologique.
  • Cette prépondérance n’est pas neutre dans la mesure où il s’avère que la théorie néoclassique est largement au service de la cause dite néolibérale. Ici la critique porte sur un manque de pluralisme idéologique.

Cette démarche des étudiants nous interpelle en tant qu’économistes et intellectuels. Elle doit être prise au sérieux, et tel est l’esprit dans lequel nous avons entrepris d’écrire ce numéro de Regards économiques. Son objectif est de passer ces deux propositions au crible de la critique.

Notre analyse nous amène à objecter aux deux propositions.

La première de celle-ci affirme la domination de l’approche néoclassique dans la profession. Notre étude montre le caractère pluriel et les frontières mouvantes de l’approche néoclassique, depuis son essor jusqu’à aujourd’hui. Nous mettons aussi en avant que la composition du mainstream a évolué au cours du temps et que, parmi les courants non-mainstream, plusieurs sont néoclassiques. De plus, les années récentes ont mis en avant la présence dans le mainstream d’une composante non-néoclassique.

La seconde proposition affirme que l’approche néoclassique est au service du néolibéralisme, entendu comme plein libéralisme ou laissez-faire. De notre analyse, il apparaît clairement qu’aucun lien univoque entre les divers courants néoclassiques et le néolibéralisme ne peut être établi. Nous montrons aussi, à l’aide d’exemples, que l’appareillage conceptuel de l’approche néoclassique, ainsi d’ailleurs que celui de l’approche classique qui l’a précédée, a été mis au service de causes idéologiques différentes.

Notre étude n’a pas abordé les aspects plus proprement sociologiques motivant le mouvement des étudiants et des chercheurs dit-hétérodoxes, les questions d’organisation de l’enseignement et de la recherche. On songe à la question de savoir s’il faut enseigner les courants minoritaires dans le curriculum d’étude et, si oui, en quelle mesure et à quel niveau. On songe aussi à la question des règles de gouvernance institutionnelles permettant d’éviter les entraves d’ordre non-scientifique à l’éventuelle montée en puissance des courants minoritaires. Ces questions renvoient à un autre clivage, qui concerne la définition des standards de scientificité en science économique. Dans ce dernier débat, la dimension sociologique, les rapports de force dans la profession et la dimension méthodologique s’interpénètrent. Les démêler implique une recherche plus ambitieuse et complexe que celle que nous avons entreprise. Nous sommes toutefois convaincus que les questions méthodologiques que nous avons abordées dans cet article constituent un préalable nécessaire pour les débats ultérieurs.

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