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Numéro 132 - Avril 2017

La mobilité internationale des étudiants : causes et déterminants

RE132L’internationalisation du secteur de l’éducation supérieure est un phénomène incontestable qui s’inscrit dans le processus de globalisation. Le nombre d’étudiants étrangers et leur proportion dans les universités des pays développés est en constante augmentation depuis les années septante. Le nombre d’étudiants étrangers a été multiplié par 5 en 40 ans. La Belgique n’échappe pas à la règle.

En 2013, la Belgique comptait environ 45.000 étudiants en mobilité internationale dans l’enseignement de type supérieur. Cela représente une proportion d’étudiants étrangers d’environ 10 % pour l’ensemble des niveaux d’études universitaires. C’est légèrement au-dessus de la moyenne européenne (9 %) et de celle des pays de l’OCDE (8 %). Sur ces 45.000 étudiants, environ 55 % étaient issus de pays appartenant à l’UE (à 28 États membres). La Communauté française est mieux positionnée dans l’accueil international que la Communauté flamande, avec une proportion d’environ 21 % d’étrangers contre 7 % pour cette dernière. Cette différence s’explique en grande partie par l’usage de la langue française qui demeure malgré tout une langue d’usage international.

A l’instar de leur position vis-à-vis de l’immigration en général, les décideurs politiques ont une vision souvent mitigée quant à la nécessité d’attirer des étudiants étrangers dans les universités de leur pays. Ainsi, récemment, le gouvernement britannique a pris des dispositions visant à limiter le nombre d’étudiants étrangers dans les universités britanniques (en octobre 2016, Amber Ruud, ministre de l’Intérieur, déclarait vouloir couper par 2 le nombre d’étudiants extra-européens qui s’élevait alors à 167.000).

Si bon nombre de pays de l’OCDE permettent aux étudiants diplômés de rechercher un emploi sur leur territoire durant une certaine période, d’autres comme la Belgique ou le Luxembourg n’octroient pas cette possibilité. Ceci reflète une position de défiance vis-à-vis des étudiants étrangers diplômés, alors qu’ils sont a priori très attractifs pour le marché du travail domestique puisqu’ils connaissent la culture, les institutions et la langue. C’est d’autant plus handicapant que les pays limitrophes (France, Pays-Bas, Allemagne) offrent cette possibilité.

Pourtant, il est évident que l’attraction d’étudiants étrangers comporte de nombreux avantages, à la fois au niveau du pays et au niveau de chaque université. Dans ce numéro de Regards Economiques, nous faisons le point sur les effets économiques de ce phénomène et nous présentons les facteurs qui peuvent influencer l’attractivité des universités vis-à-vis des étudiants extérieurs. Les facteurs de politique économique générale portent sur l’octroi de visas aux étudiants extra-européens, ainsi que la possibilité qui leur est donnée de s’insérer sur le marché du travail domestique. Aux niveaux des universités, les facteurs essentiels sont leur qualité perçue au niveau international, les droits d’inscription ainsi que le coût de la vie.

Nous pensons que les universités francophones sont relativement bien positionnées dans la compétition internationale mais pourraient mieux profiter de la mobilité internationale des étudiants, notamment à travers une politique de montée en gamme. Un exemple de cette politique reposerait sur une stratégie de hausse des droits d’inscription pour les étudiants extra-européens, accompagnée d’un investissement de ces ressources supplémentaires dans les universités afin d’améliorer leur performance.

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