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Numéro 128 - Décembre 2016

La SNCB : prête pour la libéralisation totale du rail ?

Axel Gautier, Iman Salem

RE128Ces dernières semaines, les retards s’accumulent à la SNCB et le président de l’association «navetteurs.be» qualifie la situation de catastrophique. Dans ce contexte polémique, ce numéro de Regards économiques fait le point sur l’évolution du secteur ferroviaire en Belgique et analyse les performances de l’opérateur historique belge, la SNCB dans la perspective de la libéralisation du secteur qui s’annonce.

Malgré la croissance importante du nombre de passagers (+ 22 % depuis 2005) et le retour à l’équilibre financier, la qualité du service – mesurée par l’indice de ponctualité et la satisfaction des voyageurs – ne s’améliore pas. De plus, la productivité de la SNCB reste faible et sa dette est un handicap pour le développement futur.

Ces constats sont préoccupants. En 2023 au plus tard, la Belgique devra désigner un opérateur pour le service public de transport par rail. Pour éviter la mise en concurrence, ce qui semble être le choix de la Belgique, et privilégier l’attribution directe à l’opérateur historique, il faudra démontrer que le rapport «coût-efficacité» de ce dernier, est comparable à celui de ses concurrents.

Dans cette étude, nous comparons la SNCB avec d’autres exploitants ferroviaires européens. Nous faisons trois constats. Premièrement, la productivité de la SNCB est nettement plus faible en comparaison d’autres entreprises européennes. Deuxièmement, la contribution directe des passagers au financement du service est relativement faible à la SNCB. Troisièmement, les subsides d’exploitation octroyés par l’Etat sont importants. Ceci pouvant s’expliquer par la faible productivité, la faible contribution des passagers et une redevance d’infrastructure payée à Infrabel importante. A notre sens, des réformes importantes doivent être entreprises pour améliorer les performances de la SNCB.

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