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Numéro 116 - Juin 2015

La taxe sur la terre : principes, concepts et enjeux

RE116L’intention de ce numéro de Regards économiques est d’explorer le principe d’une taxe portant exclusivement sur la terre. Comme son nom l’indique, la taxe terrienne porte sur la terre proprement dite, et non sur les fruits que l’homme peut en tirer grâce à son travail (par exemple les récoltes de l’agriculteur), ni sur les bâtiments éventuellement construits dessus.

A travers la taxe terrienne, c’est l’occupation privative du sol qui est visée. La terre présente en effet la particularité de ne pas être produite par l’activité économique, mais d’être une ressource naturelle «fournie gratuitement» par la nature. En conséquence, son appropriation privée pose le problème de légitimité suivant : de quel droit un individu peut-il s’approprier une parcelle de terre qu’il n’a pas produite et ce faisant, d’en monopoliser les services?

Les services offerts par la propriété terrienne sont multiples et variés : il peut s’agir par exemple de la beauté du site, de la fertilité du sol ou d’avantages offerts en termes de proximité de services publics locaux (écoles, hôpital,...). En monopolisant ces services, le propriétaire exclut d’autres personnes de la possibilité d’en jouir, ce qui peut justifier qu’une contrepartie soit exigée par la collectivité, contrepartie qui peut prendre la forme d’une taxe terrienne.

En principe, toutes les terres, urbaines, agricoles ou autres, sont susceptibles de faire partie de la base de la taxe. Celle-ci peut être calculée en fonction de critères différents. L’article envisage trois cas, selon que la taxe porte sur la surface, la valeur ou le revenu de la terre (ce qu’on appelle la rente terrienne). Ces trois formes de taxe ne sont bien sûr pas équivalentes, notamment en termes d’équité ou au niveau des informations nécessaires pour les appliquer.

La taxe terrienne est à la fois une idée ancienne et toujours d’actualité. Elle est appliquée à des degrés divers ou fait l’objet d’études dans différents pays. Elle a eu dans le passé des partisans illustres, à l’exemple d’Adam Smith. Elle bénéficie encore aujourd’hui du soutien de plusieurs «prix Nobel d’économie». Plusieurs arguments sont en effet avancés en sa faveur par ses défenseurs.

Le premier est qu’elle porte sur un facteur immobile et donc non éludable. Un deuxième argument est qu’elle pourrait constituer un instrument de politique foncière, en particulier pour lutter contre la spéculation et les pratiques de rétention de terre (une réalité présente en Wallonie). Elle pourrait aussi constituer un mécanisme de compensation financière (au moins partiel) des propriétaires en cas d'installation d'une «nuisance» dans leur voisinage (par exemple une éolienne), ce qui serait susceptible d'atténuer des attitudes du type «pas chez moi !». Un autre argument en faveur de la taxe terrienne, tout particulièrement en milieu urbain, est qu’elle inciterait le propriétaire d’une parcelle à tenir compte des coûts de congestion qu'il crée dans son environnement.

L’intérêt passé et présent relatif à la taxe terrienne s’explique aussi par les questions et enjeux autour d’une telle taxe. Son application pose dès le départ le problème fondamental de son but et de son «ambition». A titre d’exemple, doit-elle concerner tout le territoire d’un pays ou seulement certaines zones en fonction de leurs affectations ? Doit-elle être conçue de façon isolée, ou dans le cadre d’une vaste réforme de la fiscalité (le fameux tax-shift) ? A quel niveau doit-t-elle être fixée ? L’application d’une taxe terrienne peut avoir un caractère limité et local, ou au contraire être beaucoup plus ambitieuse et globale. Les enjeux financiers, notamment pour les pouvoirs publics, seront évidemment très différents. Enfin, comme tout instrument fiscal, l’application d’une taxe terrienne pose la question de ses impacts sur les activités économiques, en particulier sur la viabilité des exploitations agricoles.

Vu l’ampleur du sujet, il était impossible d’étudier tous les aspects de la taxe terrienne dans le cadre de cette étude. Aussi se termine-t-elle par une invitation à une étude beaucoup plus approfondie et nécessairement multidisciplinaire à son propos.

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On en parle dans la presse...

  • l'avenir, 25 juin 2015, page 1 : Et si on taxait la terre?
  • l'avenir, 25 juin 2015, pages 2-3 : Taxer la terre, une révolution fiscale
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