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Numéro 110 - Février 2014

Les plateformes MOOCs. Menaces et opportunités pour l'enseignement universitaire

RE110bEn quelques semaines seulement, l'UCL a vu près de 20.000 personnes s'inscrire à un de ses cours, intitulé Paradigms of Compter Programming; 15.000 autres se sont inscrites au cours International Human Rights et quelques milliers à deux autres cours. Ces inscriptions, ainsi que d'autres qui ne cessent d'arriver de jour en jour, proviennent de 170 pays différents. Vous aurez compris qu'une telle audience, venant d'horizons parfois très lointains, ne peut pas être accueillie sur un des campus de l'UCL; c'est donc à distance, via le site Internet LouvainX, que ces cours sont organisés. Vous imaginez également que si l'accès à ces cours n'était pas gratuit, il y aurait sans doute moins d'inscriptions. Il s'agit donc de «cours en ligne ouverts et massifs», mieux connus sous l'acronyme anglais MOOCs (qui se prononce 'Moûks' et qui signifie «Massive Open Online Courses»).

L'UCL a rejoint, comme beaucoup d'universités de par le monde, un mouvement qui est parti des Etats-Unis et qui fait beaucoup parler de lui pour le moment. De nouvelles méthodes pour dispenser l'enseignement supérieur à l'aide d'Internet sont testées à large échelle. Au centre de ce mouvement se retrouvent un certain nombre de plateformes Internet qui offrent une large palette de cours, développés en partenariat avec des universités ou directement par leurs propres forces. Les plateformes les plus connues sont Coursera (qui cumule actuellement 21 millions d'inscriptions à près de 600 cours), edX (consortium auquel participe l'UCL qui cumule près de 2,4 millions d'inscriptions) et Udacity (1,6 millions d'inscriptions).

On assiste donc, depuis quelques mois, à une vague d'investissements sans précédent dans le domaine de l'enseignement universitaire à distance. Les médias se sont vite emparés du phénomène et un large débat s'est engagé. Par ce numéro de Regards Economiques, nous désirons contribuer à ce débat en offrant une analyse économique du phénomène des plateformes MOOCs.

Notre analyse se centre sur deux questions. D'une part, nous nous interrogeons sur la rentabilité des plateformes qui organisent cette nouvelle forme d'enseignement; pour ce faire, nous envisageons différents modèles d'affaires. Selon nous, le modèle qui est susceptible de s'imposer à moyen terme est celui du partenariat entre plateformes MOOCs et universités, un modèle qui suppose que les MOOCs soient vus comme des compléments plutôt que comme des substituts à l'enseignement traditionnel.

D'autre part, nous cherchons à dégager des pistes d'action pour la politique publique en Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles. Les pouvoirs publics doivent agir en tant que courroie de transmission d'information et d'aide financière. Cela peut avoir lieu via le développement d'un fond scientifique destiné aux recherches analysant les innovations pédagogiques et par la création d'une institution dont l'objectif premier est de s'assurer une dissémination la plus large possible des bonnes pratiques pédagogiques. Plus globalement, une revalorisation de l'enseignement (par rapport à la recherche) semble indispensable, par exemple en mettant en place un système encourageant les établissements d'enseignement supérieur à adopter de nouvelles méthodes pédagogiques, comme celles inspirées du développement des MOOCs.

 

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