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Numéro 127 - Septembre 2016

Le Bitcoin : évaluation d'une innovation monétaire

Louis Larue

RE127 P1De nombreuses monnaies parallèles circulent depuis toujours à côté de la monnaie officielle. Aujourd’hui, une nouvelle génération de monnaie est en train de naître des nouvelles technologies : les crypto-monnaies, dont l’exemple le plus connu est le bitcoin. Ces monnaies n’existent que sous forme de code informatique, sans équivalent papier ou métallique. Leur particularité est d’être créées et gérées de manière décentralisée. Bien qu’elles constituent une avancée technologique remarquable, elles soulèvent de nombreux défis tant éthiques qu’économiques, que ce numéro de Regards économiques essaie d’éclairer.

Le bitcoin est aujourd’hui la crypto-monnaie la plus populaire. Son fonctionnement est totalement indépendant des banques et des États, et garantit l’anonymat des utilisateurs. Sa sécurité repose sur une innovation cruciale : un système de paiement entièrement décentralisé. Plus besoin de banques commerciales ou de banques centrales pour gérer le système de paiement et s’assurer de la sécurité des transactions. L’ensemble des paiements en bitcoin est archivé dans un registre public (le «distributed ledger»), conçu pour être infalsifiable (ou presque). Ce registre permet d’éviter un problème inhérent à toute monnaie électronique sans forme matérielle : la possibilité de dépenser plusieurs fois un même bitcoin pour plusieurs transactions. Puisqu’aucune autorité ne possède un pouvoir de contrôle sur le bitcoin et ne peut surveiller les transactions, ce registre virtuel garantit un traçage de chaque bitcoin et évite qu’il ne soit dépensé plusieurs fois par un même utilisateur.

Cette innovation a été essentielle pour le succès et la sécurité du bitcoin. Elle intéresse d’ailleurs de nombreux acteurs, comme les banques commerciales. Géréer de manière automatique et décentralisée le système de paiement permet en effet d’épargner d’importantes sommes d’argent. Cependant, le bitcoin n’est pas sans connaître quelques difficultés.

Au regard de l’efficacité économique, le bitcoin est encore loin de constituer une monnaie de confiance. De nombreuses fraudes et quelques faillites retentissantes ont émoussé l’enthousiasme initial qu’il suscitait. Par ailleurs, la conception même du bitcoin interdit qu’un État ou qu’une banque centrale puisse intervenir, une impossibilité qui, en cas de crise, peut se révéler problématique.

Le bitcoin soulève également problème au regard de la justice sociale. Tous les utilisateurs ne sont pas égaux, notamment en termes technologiques. Par ailleurs, bien que la protection de la vie privée et des données personnelles de chaque utilisateur soit légitime, l’anonymat des utilisateurs de bitcoins constitue un nouvel instrument pour le blanchiment d’argent qui complique le travail des autorités fiscales.

Ce numéro de Regards économiques entend éclairer le fonctionnement des crypto-monnaies, en prenant l’exemple du bitcoin. Il apporte également quelques réflexions sur les enjeux économiques et éthiques de cette nouvelle forme de monnaie. En conclusion, il insiste sur les enseignements principaux et les pistes éventuelles que tracent ces nouvelles monnaies.

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