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Numéro 95 - Janvier 2012

De l’essor de l’humanité à l’hiver démographique.
Une politique nataliste pour demain ?

95A l’heure où le budget 2012 domine les agendas politiques, il est prioritaire de ne pas perdre de vue le contexte plus général dans lequel nous vivons. Les projections démographiques les plus récentes indiquent que la population terrestre culminera vraisemblablement vers la fin de ce siècle autour de 10 milliards d’habitants. Cet arrêt dans la croissance de la population s’accompagne d’une modification de sa structure par âge. Dans le scénario moyen de l’ONU, l’âge médian sur terre passe de 29,2 années en 2010 à 41,9 années en 2100. Tandis que pour la Belgique, il passerait de 41,2 à 44 ans 

En quelques années, la crainte d’une explosion insoutenable de la population mondiale s’est apaisée, et a fait place à la crainte de l’hiver démographique, une situation où les sociétés les plus développées en premier, et le monde entier par la suite, seraient composées d’une population vieille, incapable de subvenir à ses besoins, et ayant perdu tout dynamisme.

La plupart des théories économiques prédisent que l’effet à long terme de la baisse de la population est globalement positif; il n’en reste pas moins vrai qu’elle peut générer une transition délicate, et qu’une action politique peut s’avérer bénéfique. Dans ce numéro de Regards économiques, David de la Croix pose la question de savoir s’il y a lieu de mener une politique nataliste pour faire face à cette transition.

Il n’est pas aisé de mesurer l’effet des politiques natalistes acceptables telles que les allocations familiales, les crédits d’impôts, etc… sur la natalité, mais les études disponibles montrent que ceux-ci sont plutôt faibles. Ceci ne doit pas remettre en cause ces politiques, qui permettent de redistribuer des ressources au profit de ceux qui ont des enfants. En outre, même un effet démographique faible peut avoir des conséquences importantes à long terme, parce ce que la démographie est cumulative par nature, et le faible effet initial croît exponentiellement au cours du temps. Mais si la question qui nous préoccupe est de faire face au vieillissement de la première moitié du 21ème siècle, renforcer ces incitants aurait un effet trop faible à cet horizon, et viendrait donc trop tard. En outre, toute politique nataliste risque d’engendrer un effet secondaire : diminuer l’investissement dans l’éducation et la santé des enfants. Une des contributions de l’étude de David de la Croix est en effet de souligner que plus le nombre d’enfants est grand, moindre seront les ressources disponibles pour chaque enfant.

Pour faire face à la période de vieillissement accéléré dans les quarante années qui viennent, il existe une stratégie indirecte. Comme mentionné plus haut, natalité et éducation sont les deux faces d’une même pièce, de par la contrainte budgétaire qui les lie. Soutenir l’éducation est facilité par une natalité en baisse.

Sachant que l’éducation ne se décide pas par décret, David de la Croix pense qu’il est important de développer les incitants personnels à l’éducation. Cet objectif sera atteint en renforçant certains principes connus depuis longtemps, tels que l’égalité des chances et la mobilité internationale. L’égalité des chances implique en effet la liberté de circulation.

Outre favoriser la mobilité des travailleurs qualifiés, permettre la libre circulation des moins qualifiés permet de rajeunir la population du pays d’accueil tout en engendrant des gains d’efficacité au niveau mondial, plus importants que la libéralisation du commerce et des mouvements de capitaux.

Ces propositions ne sont ni nouvelles ni originales. Elles deviennent néanmoins incontournables. La baisse de la natalité et le vieillissement de la population exigent d’améliorer les systèmes éducatifs et les marchés du travail mondiaux.

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